The question revolves around the obligation of making up missed fasts from Ramadan and the validity of recommended fasts performed while still owing qadha.
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1 Answer
Peace and blessings be upon you.
Ayatollah al-Uzma Sayyid Sistani (may Allah protect him):
It is not permissible to voluntarily fast—whether it is a vowed fast or not—for someone who has a qadha (makeup) fast from Ramadan. However, if a person forgets or is unaware that they have a qadha and fasts voluntarily, their fast is valid once they remember or learn about their obligation after completing the fast. As for someone who has a kaffarah (expiation) obligation, such as feeding the needy or delaying, this does not prevent the validity of their recommended fast.
Source: Official Website + Minhaj al-Salihin, Vol. 1, Conditions of Validity and Obligation of Fasting, M 1035
Ayatollah al-Uzma Sayyid Khamenei (may Allah protect him):
If someone has a qadha fast due and is unaware that the recommended fast is invalid while they owe a qadha, if they fast with the intention of recommendation, their fast is invalid and does not count as a qadha. However, if they have not broken their fast with anything, they can intend to make up the fast before noon, and their qadha fast will be valid. As for someone who has a kaffarah obligation, this does not prevent the validity of their recommended fast.
Source: Special Inquiry: 1, 2.
May you be successful in all good.